Explain. Answer It is necessary to evaluate the past practice of X Ltd. If X Ltd. has the past practice of settling net, then it becomes a financial instrument. If X Ltd. Intends to sell the identified PPE and settle by delivery and there is no past practice of settling net, then the contract should not be accounted for as derivative under AS 30 and AS 31. A financial instrument is any contract that gives rise to a financial asset of one entity and a financial liability or equity instrument of another entity. A financial asset is any asset that is:
(a) cash;
(b) an equity instrument of another entity;
(c) a contractual right: (i) to receive cash or another financial asset from another entity; or (ii) to exchange financial assets or financial liabilities with another entity under conditions that are potentially favourable to the entity; or
(d) a contract that will or may be settled in the entity’s own equity instruments and is: (i) a non-derivative for which the entity is or may be obliged to receive a variable number of the entity’s own equity instruments; or (ii) a derivative that will or may be settled other than by the exchange of a fixed amount of cash or another financial asset for a fixed number of the entity’s own equity instruments. A financial liability is any liability that is: (a) a contractual obligation: (i) to deliver cash or another financial asset to another entity; or (ii) to exchange financial assets or financial liabilities with another entity under conditions that are potentially unfavourable to the entity; or (b) a contract that will or may be settled in the entity’s own equity instruments and is (i) a non-derivative for which the entity is or may be obliged to deliver a variable number of the entity’s own equity instruments; or (ii) a derivative that will or may be settled other than by the exchange of a fixed amount of cash or another financial asset for a fixed number of the entity ’s own equity instruments. An equity instrument is any contract that evidences a residual interest in the assets of an entity after deducting all of its liabilities. Fair value is the amount for which an asset could be exchanged, or a liability settled, between knowledgeable, willing parties in an arm’s length transaction.
2.As 30 Example: Omega Ltd. has entered into hedging relationship. At the year end the entity assesses the fair value of the hedged item and hedging instrument and the gains and lossesICAI TEXT BOOK PROBLEMS ACCOUNTING STANDARDS FROMS AS(21 TO 32) arise as follows: Hedged Item – gain of ` 1,000 Hedged instrument – loss of ` 1,200 The effectiveness of the hedge has been calculated as: ` 1,200/1,000 = 120%. The hedge is assessed as highly effective as it is between 80 to 125%.
3.On February 1, 2011 Omega Ltd enters in to a contract with Beta Ltd. to receive the fair value of 1000 Omega’s own equity shares outstanding as of 31.1.2012 in exchange for payment of ` 1,04,000 in cash i.e., ` 104 per share on 31.1.2012. The contract will be settled in net cash- (i) fair value of forward on 1.2.2011 – Nil (ii) fair value of forward 31.12.2011 ` 6,300 (iii) fair value of forward 31.1.2012 ` 2,000. Give journal entries on the basis that the net amount is settled in cash. Omega Ltd closes its books on 31st December. Solution (a) 1.2.2011 No entry is required because the fair value of derivatives is zero and no cash is paid or received (b) 31.12.2011 Forward Asset Dr. 6,300 To Gain 6,300 (c ) 31.1.2012 Loss Dr. 4,300 To Forward Asset 4,300 (d) Cash Dr. 2,000 To Forward asset 2,000
4.Example: A lease contract contains a provision that rentals increase each year by 10%. Is there an embedded derivative in this contract? Answer: No. There is no embedded derivative since lease rental does not depend on any underling basis.
5.Example: X Co. entered with Y Co. to sell coal over a period of two year. The coal price will be determined as per the increase in electricity prices. Is there an embedded derivative? Answer: Yes, there is embedded derivative because cash flow of the contract or settlement price is dependent on underlying electricity price.
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